PBTC (2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid), as a kind of highly efficient water treatment agent, the specific use cases in industrial applications mainly include the following aspects:

1. Circulating Cooling Water Systa: PBTC is used as a corrosion and scale inhibitor in circulating cooling water systa, which can effectively prevent scale formation, improve the operating efficiency of the systa, and maintain good performance under high taperature, high hardness, and high alkalinity conditions.

2. Oilfield water injection systa: In the oilfield water injection systa, PBTC also plays the role of corrosion and scale inhibitor, which helps to maintain the normal operation of oilfield equipment and prolong the service life.

3. Industrial boiler water treatment: PBTC is also used in the water treatment process of industrial boilers to prevent scaling inside the boiler, improve thermal efficiency and ensure safe operation.

4. Detergent industry: PBTC can be used as chelating agent and metal cleaning agent in detergent industry to improve washing effect and cleaning efficiency.

5. Compounding with zinc salt: PBTC can be compounded with other water treatment agents, such as zinc salt, to form a synergistic effect and enhance the performance of scale inhibition and corrosion inhibition.

6. Increase concentration factor: PBTC can increase the concentration factor of circulating cool water to more than 7 times, which helps to save water resources and reduce aissions.

PBTC (Phosphoric acid diphenyl ester, full name: 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, its sodium salt form is PBTC) is a chaical commonly used in water treatment, petrochaical and other fields. It is mainly used as an anti-scaling agent and dispersant, and can effectively prevent the deposition of minerals in the systa. Here are some key technical specifications of PBTC:

1. Appearance
- Solid form: usually white or off-white crystalline powder.
- Liquid form: Clear or slightly yellowish liquid.

2. Chaical Composition Chaical Composition
- Molecular formula: C₂H₇O₇P₂ (free acid form), sodium salt form C₂H₇Na₂O₇P₂.
- Molecular weight: 206.02 (free acid form).

3. Physical and Chaical Properties
- Solubility: good solubility in water, PBTC in sodium salt form is very soluble in water.
- PH: The pH of PBTC in liquid form is usually between 2.0 - 3.0 (10% solution).

4. STABILITY HOT STABILITY
- Thermal stability: PBTC is thermally stable at elevated taperatures, but may decompose at extrae taperatures.
- Chaical stability: PBTC is relatively stable in acidic and neutral environments, but may decompose under h3 alkaline conditions.

5. Concentration: PBTC is stable in acidic and neutral environments but may decompose under h3 alkaline conditions.
- Concentration of active ingredient: PBTC liquids are typically formulated with an active ingredient concentration of 20% - 40%. The exact concentration varies according to the production specifications of the product.

- Anti-scaling properties: PBTC is excellent at preventing mineral deposits and the formation of calcium and magnesium scales in water. Its anti-scaling performance is often verified through tests and its effectiveness is expressed in PPM (parts per million).
- Dispersion Performance: PBTC is able to effectively disperse suspended particles in water and prevent tha from settling, thus maintaining a clean and stable systa.

7. Applications: Water treatment: PBTC can be used for water treatment.
- Water treatment: It is used in industrial circulating cooling water systa, boiler water treatment and other fields to prevent scale and deposition.
- Petrochaicals: Used in oil field extraction, oil and gas separation, etc. to prevent scaling and improve production efficiency.

8. Safety and Environmental Protection: Safety and Environmental Protection
- Safety: PBTC should follow safe operation procedures, avoid direct contact with skin and eyes, and wear appropriate protective equipment when using.
- Environmental Protection: PBTC should be used in compliance with local environmental regulations and waste should be disposed of properly to minimize the impact on the environment.

9. Storage and Transportation Storage conditions: PBTC should be used in accordance with local environmental regulations to minimize environmental impact.
- Storage conditions: It should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place, avoiding high taperature and direct sunlight.

The packaging and storage of PBTC (2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid) should pay attention to the following points:

1. Packaging material: PBTC is usually packaged in plastic drums, because plastic drums have good sealing and corrosion resistance and are suitable for the storage of acidic substances.

2. Packaging specification: common packaging specifications are 25Kg or 250Kg per drum, choose the appropriate packaging specification according to the actual daand and transportation conditions.

3. Storage conditions: PBTC should be stored indoors in a cool, dry and well-ventilated environment, avoiding direct sunlight and high taperature, in order to maintain its chaical stability and extend the storage period.

4. Avoiding contamination: During storage, contact between PBTC and impurities or other chaical substances should be avoided to prevent contamination and chaical reaction.

5. Clear labeling: There should be clear labels on the package indicating the product name, batch number, net weight, production date, expiration date or recommended use date, manufacturer and other information.

6. Safety protection: Since PBTC is acidic, there should be corresponding safety warning signs on the package to raind operators to pay attention to protection.

7. Periodic Inspection: The integrity of the package should be checked regularly to ensure that there is no breakage or leakage, and if any probla is found, it should be dealt with in time.

8. Comply with regulations: In the process of packaging and storage, relevant safety regulations and standards should be followed, such as the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) and so on.

9. Storage period: The storage period of PBTC is usually twelve months, but the actual storage period may be affected by factors such as storage conditions and packaging materials.
 

PBTC (2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid) is used as follows:

1. Complex use: PBTC is usually used in combination with other water treatment agents such as zinc salts, copolymers, organophosphorus, azoles, etc. to achieve better scale and corrosion inhibition effects .

2. Single use dosage: If PBTC is used alone, the recommended dosage is 5~15mg/L .

3. Water conditions: PBTC operates well under high taperature, high hardness and high alkalinity conditions, and has the performance of improving the solubility of zinc salt and resisting chlorine oxidation.

4. Washing industry application: In the washing industry, PBTC can be used as chelating agent and metal cleaning agent.

5. Safety Protection: Since PBTC is acidic, avoid contact with skin and eyes when handling. In case of inadvertent contact, flush with plenty of water immediately.

6. Packaging and storage: PBTC is usually packed in plastic drums, 25Kg or 250Kg per drum, and should be stored in a cool place indoors, avoiding direct sunlight and high taperature to maintain its chaical stability.

7. Product form: PBTC is a colorless or light yellow transparent liquid, with excellent thermal stability and hydrolysis resistance, suitable for water taperature up to 120℃.

8. Performance index: The active component content of PBTC (in terms of PBTCA) should be greater than or equal to 50.0%, the density (20℃) is greater than or equal to 1.27 g/cm³, and the pH value (1% aqueous solution) is between 1.5 and 2.0 .

By following these usage and safety guidelines, the effectiveness of PBTC in industrial water treatment and the safety of its operation can be ensured.

Shandong Kairui Chemistry is a relatively large-scale manufacturer of water treatment chaicals, producing pbtc, hedp, atmp and other 8 categories of more than 100 varieties of water treatment chaicals products.

The applications of Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid (ATMP) in water treatment mainly include the following aspects:

1. circulating cooling water systa: ATMP is used in circulating cooling water systa of thermal power plants and oil refineries to reduce corrosion and scaling of metal equipment or pipelines .
2. Oilfield refill water systa: In oilfield refill water systa, ATMP can form stable complexes with many metal ions, preventing scale-forming salts from forming scale, especially calcium carbonate scale .
3. Boiler water: as a scale inhibitor, ATMP can be used in open circulating cooling water systa and boiler water to prevent scale formation of scale-forming salts in water.
4. textile printing and dyeing industry: ATMP is used as metal ion chelating agent in textile printing and dyeing industry, and also can be used as metal surface treatment agent.
5. Metal cleaning agent: ATMP can be used to raove grease and oil on metal surfaces and used as metal cleaning agent.
6. Detergent additives: ATMP can be used as additives for detergents to improve the washing effect.
7. Masking agent for metal ions: ATMP can be used as a masking agent for metal ions in certain chaical processes.
8. Additive for cyanide-free plating: ATMP can be used as an additive in cyanide-free plating process.
9. Extractant for precious metals: ATMP can also be used to extract precious metals from solution.

Due to its excellent chaical stability and chelating ability, ATMP has a wide range of applications in water treatment and related industrial fields.

7-19

• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/19/172120
• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/19/172043
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/cas-9003-04-7-what-product-does-it-stand-for
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/07/cas-9003-04-7-what-product-does-it.html
• https://krwater.mystrikingly.com/blog/cas-9003-04-7-what-product-does-it-stand-for
• https://674668073.wixsite.com/newdomer/post/cas-9003-04-7-what-product-does-it-stand-for
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/cas-26099-09-2-is-what-products
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/07/cas-26099-09-2-is-what-products.html
• https://674668073.wixsite.com/newdomer/post/cas-26099-09-2-is-what-products
•  

7-13

• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/13/174845
• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/13/175017
• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/13/175104
• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/13/175205
• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/13/175502
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/07/what-is-mbt-cas-number.html
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/07/what-is-function-of-edtmps.html
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/07/what-is-pbtc4na.html
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/07/what-is-scale-inhibitor-pbtc.html
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/07/price-of-pbtc-water-treatment-agent.html
•  

7-11

• https://www.worldbid.com/chemical/chemicals/atmp-scale-inhibitor-i366106.html
• https://www.worldbid.com/chemical/chemical-processing/high-purity-hedp-manufacturer-i366108.html
• https://www.worldbid.com/chemical/chemicals/hedp-high-cost-performance-manufacturer-of-metal-cleaning-agents-i366109.html
•  

7-10

• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/09/162923

7-9

• go Kairuiwater.com
• go Kairuiwater.com
• https://www.fanficoverflow.com/profile/view/69318
• https://www.fanficoverflow.com/blog/view/653
• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/08/173840
• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/08/174623
• https://zenwriting.net/q8a2w722hz
• https://squareblogs.net/g6gf29x97j
• https://zenwriting.net/c4dorar6bw
• https://squareblogs.net/ddiu261lds
• https://writeablog.net/newdomer/which-product-is-einecs-no252-156-6
• https://674668073.wixsite.com/newdomer/post/which-product-is-einecs-no252-156-6
• https://674668073.wixsite.com/newdomer/post/which-product-s-cas-number-is-40372-66-5
• https://newdomer.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/08/181529
• https://cs.astronomy.com/members/newsomer/default.aspx
•  

7-3

• https://krwater.mystrikingly.com/blog/what-is-the-function-of-chelating-agents
• https://krwater.mystrikingly.com/blog/b8f3e408ae0
• http://en.edtmpsna.com/nr.php?id=35

7-2

• What is ATMP? How to inhibit scaling

6-27

• https://www.globalsources.com/Chemical-auxiliary/Glutaraldehyde-1216813786p.htm
• https://www.globalsources.com/Chemical-auxiliary/Hydrolyzed-Polymaleic-Anhydride-1216814362p.htm
• https://www.globalsources.com/Chemical-auxiliary/pape-1216814843p.htm
• https://www.globalsources.com/Chemical-auxiliary/DDBAC-bkc-1216813078p.htm
• https://www.globalsources.com/Chemical-auxiliary/DDBAC-bkc-1216812210p.htm
• https://www.globalsources.com/Chemical-auxiliary/Sodium-Salt-of-Tolyltriazole-1216811604p.htm
• https://www.globalsources.com/Chemical-auxiliary/Trichloroisocyanuric-Acid-1216813438p.htm
• https://www.globalsources.com/Chemical-auxiliary/Glutaraldehyde-1216813786p.htm
•  

6-26

• https://www.myconcertarchive.com/en/event?id=98496

6-25

• https://topsitenet.com/startpage/krwater/1214869/
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/pretreatment-filming-agent
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/benzalkonium-chloride
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/hydroxyethylidene-diphosphonic-acid-hedp-a-versatile-water-treatment-chemical
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/atmp
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/the-latest-price-of-phosphorus-free-corrosion-inhibitors
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/what-is-the-effect-of-hedp4na
• https://newdomer.weebly.com/blog/the-application-of-paa-in-the-chemical-industry
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/40372-66.htm
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/dtpmpmanufactur.htm
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/listofscaleinhib.htm
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/22042-96-2.htm
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/dtac.htm
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/corrosioninhibitors.htm
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/builtscale.htm
• https://all4webs.com/krwater/reverseosmosis.htm
• https://telegra.ph/Nitrilotrimethylphosphonic-AcidNTP-06-25
• https://telegra.ph/Phosphonates-Antiscalants-06-25
• https://telegra.ph/Tetra-Sodium-Salt-of-Amino-Trimethylene-Phosphonic-Acid-06-25

6-24

• Kairui - 001 - Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-002-1-hydroxy-ethylidene-1-1-diphosphonic-acid-1051906
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-010-isothiazolinones-1051932
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-009-glutaraldehyde-1051931
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-008-homopolymer-of-acrylic-acid-1051930
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-007-sodium-salt-of-triethylene-tetramine-hexmethanephonic-acid-1051929
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-0006-polyamino-polyether-methylene-phosphonic-acid-1051926
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-0005-scale-and-corrosion-inhibitor-1051924
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-004-dioctyl-dimethyl-ammonium-chloride-1051919
• https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/kairui-model-003-octadecyl-trimethyl-ammonium-chloride-1051914

6-22

• http://www.btana.com/380.html
• http://www.btana.com/381.html
• http://www.btana.com/382.html
• http://www.btana.com/383.html
• http://www.btana.com/384.html
• http://www.btana.com/385.html
• http://www.btana.com/386.html
• http://www.btana.com/387.html
• http://www.btana.com/388.html
• http://newdomer.86exporter.com/pod2/529/2029804/phosphino-carboxylic-acidkairui.htm
• http://newdomer.86exporter.com/pod2/529/2029800/kai-rui-hydrazine-hydrate.htm
• https://www.turkfreezone.com/english/urun_ayrinti.asp?cid=634&oid=198332&UADI=Hydrazine_Hydrate
• https://www.turkfreezone.com/english/firma_ayrinti.asp?fid=362726&firma_adi=
• http://www.hqddw.cn/qiye/newdomer/contact/
• 公司介绍 - 山东凯瑞化学有限公司
• 枣庄凯瑞水处理有限公司
• 供应谷氨酸二乙酸四钠盐_枣庄凯瑞水处理有限公司
• 供应聚天冬氨酸（钠）_枣庄凯瑞水处理有限公司
• 供应多氨基多醚基甲叉膦酸_枣庄凯瑞水处理有限公司
• 供应助磨剂_枣庄凯瑞水处理有限公司
• 供应聚丙烯酸盐_枣庄凯瑞水处理有限公司
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_dongsheng_chemical_co_ltd-hedpna4_cas3794_83_0-395076.html
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_dongsheng_chemical_co_ltd-polyepoxysuccinic_acid-395078.html
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_dongsheng_chemical_co_ltd-methylene_phosphonic_acid-395080.html
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_dongsheng_chemical_co_ltd-benzalkonium_chloride-395077.html
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_dongsheng_chemical_co_ltd-methylenephosphonic_acid-395081.html

6-21

• https://b2bpakistan.com/view-profile/data_company_name-279846.html
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_runsen_chemical_co_ltd-kairui_citmit-395062.html
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_runsen_chemical_co_ltd-kairui_polyacrylic_acid_explore-395061.html
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_runsen_chemical_co_ltd-corrosion_inhibitor_hedp_kairui-395060.html
• https://b2bpakistan.com/12/chemicals-zaozhuang_runsen_chemical_co_ltd-amino_trimethylene_product_manual-395059.html
• https://www.krdiary.com/ma-aawater-treatment-chemical/
• https://www.krdiary.com/what-is-kr-445/
• https://www.krdiary.com/what-is-kr-445-2/
• https://krwater.mystrikingly.com/blog/pape-a-common-water-treatment-agent
• https://krwater.mystrikingly.com/blog/kr-gca-green-chelating-agent
• https://krwater.mystrikingly.com/blog/6cb894edf23
• https://krwater.mystrikingly.com/blog/what-is-cas-40372-66-5-product
• https://krwater.mystrikingly.com/blog/a7549f74200
• https://674668073.wixsite.com/newdomer/post/dtpmp-na7-manufacturer
• https://674668073.wixsite.com/newdomer/post/what-products-does-cas-22042-96-2-refer-to
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/06/dodecyl-dimethyl-amine-oxide.html
• https://newdomer.blogspot.com/2024/06/pae.html
• https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater/product-detail-1501069/Phosphino-Carboxylic-Acid.html
• https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater/product-detail-1501070/Acrylic-Homopolymer.html
• https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater/product-detail-1501071/Carbohydrazide.html
• https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater/product-detail-1501072/Hydrazine-Hydrate.html
• https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater/product-detail-1501073/kairui-pape.html
• https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater/product-detail-1501069/Phosphino-Carboxylic-Acid.html

6-20

• http://newdomer.86exporter.com/pod2/529/2029646/copolymer-of-sodium-p-styrene-sulfonate-and-maleic.htm
• http://newdomer.86exporter.com/pod2/547/2029613/kairui-hedp.htm
• http://newdomer.86exporter.com/pod2/529/2029647/sodium-salt-of-polyaspartic-acid.htm
• https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater.html
• https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater/product-detail-1501054/TTA-CHEMICAL.html

• CAS No.: 29385-43-1
• Appearance: White or light yellow granular
• Content, %: 99.0 min
• Moisture, %: 0.20 max
• Ash content, %: 0.05 max
• pH: 5.0-6.5

Properties:

• Pure TTA is a white granule or powder.
• TTA is a mixture of 4-methyl-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-benzotriazole, with a melting point ranging from 80℃ to 86℃.
• It is soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, and aqueous alkali, and hardly soluble in water.

Usage:

• TTA is primarily used as an antirust and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, etc.).
• It is used in antirust oil (tallow) products, as a gas phase corrosion inhibitor for copper and aldehydes, as a lubricant additive, in cycle water treatment compounds, and in automotive antifreeze.
• TTA can also be used in conjunction with various sterilization algaecides and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on closed-loop cooling water systems.

Package and Storage:

• Packaged in 25Kg/bag or as per customer's requirement.
• It is hygroscopic, so please store in a well-ventilated, dry place and do not mix with food and seeds.

Synonyms:

• TTA; Methylbenzotriazole; Tolyltriazole.

https://www.etradeasia.com/supplier-368434/zaozhuang-kairuiwater/product-detail-1501054/TTA-CHEMICAL.html

Product name: Tetrasodium glutamate diacetate
CAS number: 51981-21-6
Chaical composition: Tetrasodium glutamate N, N-diacetate
Molecular formula: C9H9NO8Na4
Molecular weight: 351.1
Performance and purpose:
Tetrasodium glutamate diacetate is prepared from plant-based raw material L-glutamic acid, which is environmentally friendly, safe and reliable, easy to biodegrade, and meets the requiraents of OECD biodegradability testing.
As a metal ion chelating agent, it can form stable water-soluble complexes with metal ions and can be used in a wide pH range. It has h3 cleaning ability and synergistic effect with fungicides.
It can replace chelating agents such as NTA and EDTA and is widely used in multiple industrial fields, including polymer chaistry, daily chaistry, papermaking, medicine, agriculture, textile printing and dyeing, aquaculture, photographic chaicals, oilfield chaicals, water treatment agents, boiler cleaning agents, etc.
Technical indicators:
Appearance: Light yellow to yellow transparent liquid
Content: Two standards: ≥ 38.0% and ≥ 47.0%
Chlorides (calculated as Cl -): ≤ 3.0 and ≤ 1.7
Density (20 ℃): ≥ 1.30 and ≥ 1.40
PH (1% aqueous solution): 11.0~12.0
Usage:
Tetrasodium glutamate diacetate has excellent chelating ability, and its typical chelating values for several metal ions are as follows (on a dry basis):
45mg Ca2+/g GLDA Na4
72 mg Cu2+/g GLDA Na4
73 mg Zn2+/g GLDA Na4
63 mg Fe2+/g GLDA Na4
27 mg Mg2+/g GLDA Na4
62 mg Mn2+/g GLDA Na4
Packaging and storage:
Packaging in plastic drums, 250kg per drum, adjustable according to customer needs.
Store in a cool indoor place for a storage period of ten months.
Security protection:
Tetrasodium glutamate diacetate is alkaline, and labor protection measures should be taken during operation to avoid contact with skin and eyes. Once in contact, rinse immediately with plenty of water.
If you need more information or have specific questions, please let me know and I will provide assistance based on the webpage content.

The chaical properties, technical specifications, application scope, packaging and storage, and safety protection measures of IDS Na4. Here is a summary of some key information:
Chaical name: Tetrasodium Iminosuccinate (IDS Na4), also known as Sodium Iminosuccinate or Tetrasodium Iminosuccinate.
CAS number: 144538-83-0
Molecular formula: C8H7NO8Na4
Molecular weight: 337.1
Product performance: easily biodegradable, non-toxic and harmless to the ecosysta; Excellent compatibility, resistant to h3 alkalis and high taperatures; Has stability towards hydrogen peroxide H2O2.
Technical indicators: including appearance, effective content, solid content, pH value, density, etc.
Application scope: Widely used as industrial cleaning agents, detergents, textile printing and dyeing auxiliaries, pulp and paper industry, hydrogen peroxide stabilizers, electronic chaicals, copper chelating agents, ceramic industry, electroplating industry, photography industry cleaning agents, soil heavy metal pollutant extraction, soil trace elaent fertilizer chelating agents, etc.
Environmental friendliness: IDS Na4 is a phosphorus free and environmentally friendly chelating agent that can be completely biodegradable, non-toxic and harmless, and has good water solubility.
Packaging and storage: Usually packaged in plastic drums, with different specifications, it needs to be sealed and stored in a cool indoor place.
Safety protection: Due to the alkaline nature of IDS, labor protection should be taken into consideration during operation to avoid contact with skin and eyes.